Methods For Determining Displacement Or Strain Of A Target Body

ABSTRACT

The invention is directed toward a new method for estimating and imaging the spatial and temporal mechanical behavior of materials in responses to a mechanical stimulus. This method is designed to work in inherently noisy applications, such as the imaging of the time-dependent mechanical behavior of biological tissues in vivo and using a preferred hand-held configuration of scanning.

PRIORITY INFORMATION

This application is a divisional application which claims priority fromU.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/436,129, filed on May 17, 2006.

GOVERNMENT RIGHTS

This invention was made with United States Government support underGrant No. NIH/NIBIB P01 EB 02105, awarded by the National Institutes ofHealth and National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering.The United States Government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention is directed toward new methods for estimating and imagingthe spatial and temporal mechanical behavior of materials in response toa mechanical stimulus. These methods are designed to work in inherentlynoisy applications, such as the imaging of the time-dependent mechanicalbehavior of biological tissues in vivo and using a preferred hand-heldconfiguration of scanning.

Embodiments of the invention overcome the limitation of currentelastographic methods for imaging local strains and displacements ininherently noisy environments, which are primarily due to echodecorrelation problems generated by uncontrollable motion. Embodimentsof the invention minimize the decorrelation noise between the ultrasonicframes used for the generation of the elastograms since the referencepre-compression frame is continuously moved in time and the inter-frametime interval is maintained sufficiently short during the entireacquisition. This allows the generation of good quality elastograms forshort (sub-second) as well as long (multi-second) acquisition times. Inaddition, from the time-dependent behavior of the local strains ordisplacements occurring in the material, images of local strain timeconstants and local displacement time constants can be generated usingcurve-fitting techniques.

2. Description of the Prior Art

Prior art techniques for making time-dependent elastographicmeasurements require the use of a fixed pre-compression RF frame that isacquired immediately before compression and post-compression frames thatare acquired sequentially at increasing time-intervals with respect tothe fixed pre-compression frame. Elastograms are then generated byapplying elastographic techniques between the same pre-compression frameand the successive post-compression frames. This methodology has beenproven to be not adequate for imaging the temporal behavior of materialsin inherently noisy environments because of the echo decorrelationproblems that are encountered due to uncontrolled motion, which may besignificant shortly after compression. Embodiments of the presentinvention overcomes the limitations of the aforementioned techniquesbecause the elastograms are generated using frames that are sufficientlyclose in time to avoid decorrelation due to uncontrollable motion.

Prior art elastographic methods used to generate axial elastograms invivo are focused on the determination of tissue's axial displacementsand strains after the application of a compression. These displacementsor strains are computed by using a frame that is acquired immediatelybefore the application of the compression and a frame that is acquiredimmediately after the application of the compression. To minimize noise,usually the compression is divided in a multiplicity of smallcompression steps and at the end of each step an echo sequence isacquired. Axial displacements or strain are generated using the variousecho-sequences acquired during the compression. In general, the axialdisplacement or strains are then averaged to reduce noise.

These prior art methods may allow obtaining axial displacement andstrain of adequate quality, in vivo, but they may not allow estimatingthe time-dependent mechanical changes occurring in such displacementsand strains in materials that exhibit mechanical properties that varywith time. Indeed the usual assumption of these prior art methods isthat the target body can be modeled as a purely linearly elasticmaterial, so that no significant time-dependent mechanical changes occurduring the acquisition of the echo-sequences.

The present invention differs from the aforementioned prior arttechniques because the mechanical stimulus is first applied to thetarget body and thereafter the echo-sequences used for determining thedisplacements or strains are acquired. In the present invention thetime-dependent mechanical behavior of a material after the applicationof a mechanical stimulus is imaged by means of post-stimulusecho-sequences only. As such, the method of this invention is directedtoward materials that exhibit a time dependent mechanical behavior inresponse to the applied mechanical stimulus. In addition, the presentinvention differs from the aforementioned prior art methods sinceembodiments of the invention are applicable not only to axialdisplacements and strains but also displacements and strains in alldirections, displacement ratios, strain ratios and the time-dependentbehavior of the aforementioned parameters can be determined and imaged.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of this invention overcome the limitations of the currentelastographic compression/acquisition methods in inherently noisyapplications as for example those of clinical interest. Embodiments ofthis invention minimize the decorrelation noise between the frames usedfor the generation of the elastograms since the reference frame iscontinuously moved in time and the inter-frame time interval ismaintained sufficiently short during the entire acquisition. This allowsthe generation of good quality elastograms in noisy environments forshort (sub-second) as well as long (multi-second) acquisition times.

Embodiments of the invention may be practiced using the preferredhand-held configuration of scanning.

Embodiments of the invention utilize the application of a mechanicalstimulus to a material that exhibits a time-dependent mechanicalbehavior and acquisition of ultrasonic data from the target body afterthe application of the mechanical stimulus. Time-dependent axial strain,lateral strain and strain ratio elastograms can be generated by using acontinuously moving reference frame and post-compression frames spacedat sub-second intervals with respect to the pre-compression frame. Theinvention is also applicable for evaluating the time dependent changesoccurring in lateral and axial displacements as well as in the slopes ofthese displacements and in transverse strains.

Embodiments of the invention also generate images of local strain timeconstants and displacement time constants that are representative of thetime-dependent mechanical behavior of the material under the applicationof a mechanical stimulus. This is accomplished by using curve-fittingtechniques to the time-dependent evolution of the local strains or localdisplacements and displaying the coefficients of the fitting curve asimages. These images may also be of value for differentiation ofmaterials based on the time required for the interstitial fluid to flowout of the area of interest. This may also allow the generation of newcontrast mechanism, which can be helpful for detecting the presence ofregions that have the same elastic properties of the surroundingbackground (and therefore they are not visible in the correspondingdrained and undrained elastograms), but have different permeabilityproperties.

Embodiments of the invention may allow application of the elastographictechniques for diagnosis of some pathological conditions, such aslymphedema, decubitus ulcers, and the detection of cancers and theirdifferentiation from normal tissues via fluid transportcharacterization.

Several terms are used herein to describe various embodiments of theinvention. The term “displacement”, as used herein, refers to localtime-delays estimated between two echo signals. The term “strain”, asused herein, refers to the gradient of local displacements. The strainin each direction may be computed as the derivative of the displacementalong that given direction.

The term “strain ratio”, as used herein, refers to the ratio between thestrains computed along two directions. The term “slope of thedisplacement”, as used herein, refers to the derivative of thedisplacements along all possible directions.

By considering as a transverse plane any plane that is perpendicular tothe transducer's beam axis and transverse displacement the displacementbetween any two points lying in any transverse plane, the term“transverse strain”, as used herein, is the derivative of the transversedisplacement.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 provides an example of the estimation of the strain ratio from asequence of strain ratios computed between different post compressionframes.

FIG. 2 provides a comparison between a poroelastogram generated usingthe traditional method and two elastograms obtained using the proposedmethod in vitro.

FIGS. 3A-3C provide a simulation comparison of the performances of thetraditional method (solid curve) and the present invention (dashedcurve) in inherently noisy applications.

FIG. 4 is an example of the application of the new proposed method invivo in a patient with stage 2 lymphedema in the arm. For comparison,the normal arm is shown as well.

FIG. 5 is an example of the application of the new proposed method invivo in a patient with stage 1 lymphedema in both legs.

FIG. 6 shows three examples of Strain ratio time constant elastograms(right) as estimated from the corresponding poroelastograms (left) byapplying curve fitting techniques.

FIG. 7 is a side view of a first apparatus suitable for practicingvarious embodiments of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

An apparatus that can be used to practice the various method embodimentsof the invention is depicted in FIG. 7. FIG. 7 shows multipletransducers 10 sonically coupled to a target body 15. An ultrasonicpulse 18 is shown propagating within beam 20 toward an echo source 25 onbeam axis 12. As the pulse 18 propagates through the target 15,corresponding echoes are generated and arrival items noted at thetransducer aperture 11.

The transducers 10 are operatively coupled to a pulse generation andsignal receiving unit 13. Unit 13 further comprises a display 17 capableof visually displaying strains, strain ratios, displacements, and slopesthat are determined and/or estimated using various embodiments of thepresent invention, described herein. Unit 13 comprises the circuitryknown to those of ordinary skill in the elastography arts to generateultrasound pulses, receive echo signals, process echo signals, storeecho signals, and display data based upon the received and processedsignals.

FIGS. 3A-3C show the superior performance of the proposed method, due tothe ability of this method to maintain high cross-correlation values intime.

Several embodiments of the invention are directed toward methods fordetermining the strain of a target body. One such embodiment comprisesthe step of coupling a transducer array comprising at least threetransducers to the target body. In one preferred embodiment, the threetransducers are positioned along a common line segment. In anotherpreferred embodiment, one transducer is equidistantly spaced withrespect to the other two transducers. In another preferred embodiment,the three transducers are positioned such that the pulses of ultrasoundenergy they emit travel along non-parallel paths in the target body.

The next step of this embodiment is applying a mechanical stimulus to atarget body. In a preferred embodiment, the applied mechanical stimulusis selected from the group consisting of stress-relaxation, creep,constant load, constant strain, constant strain rate, constantdisplacement, sinusoidal load, sinusoidal strain, sinusoidal strain,increasing load, increasing strain, increasing displacement, decreasingload, decreasing strain, and decreasing displacement.

In one preferred embodiment, the applied mechanical stimulus is strain.In another preferred embodiment, the strain is applied at a constantlevel. In another preferred embodiment, the strain is applied at anon-constant level.

In one preferred embodiment, the mechanical stimulus is applied in thetarget body. In another preferred embodiment, the mechanical stimulus isapplied by the target body.

In one preferred embodiment, the mechanical stimulus is generated by achange of temperature in the target body. In another preferredembodiment, the mechanical stimulus is generated by a change oftemperature in the vicinity of the target body. In another preferredembodiment, the mechanical stimulus is generated by fluid flow in thetarget body. In another preferred embodiment, the mechanical stimulus isgenerated by fluid flow in the vicinity of the target body.

In one preferred embodiment, the applied mechanical stimulus is a load.In another preferred embodiment, the load is applied at a constantlevel. In another preferred embodiment, the load is applied at anon-constant level.

In one preferred embodiment, the applied mechanical stimulus is adisplacement. In another preferred embodiment, the displacement isapplied at a constant level. In another preferred embodiment, thedisplacement is applied at a non-constant level.

The next step of this embodiment is emitting a first pulse of ultrasoundenergy from each of the transducers into the target body. The next stepof this embodiment is receiving with each of the transducers at leastone ultrasound echo sequence from each first pulse. The next step ofthis embodiment is emitting a second pulse of ultrasound energy fromeach of the transducers into the target body. The next step of thisembodiment is receiving with each of the transducers at least oneultrasound echo sequence from each second pulse. The next step of thisembodiment is emitting a third pulse of ultrasound energy from each ofthe transducers into the target body. The next step of this embodimentis receiving with each of the transducers at least one ultrasound echosequence from each third pulse. In a preferred embodiment, the secondpulse is emitted at a first predetermined time after the first pulse andthe third pulse is emitted at a second predetermined time after thesecond pulse.

The next step of this embodiment is estimating the strain along twodirections in the target body between members of a first pair ofultrasound sequences comprising the first ultrasound echo sequence andanother of the ultrasound echo sequences.

The next step of this embodiment is estimating the strain along twodifferent directions in the target body between members of a second pairof ultrasound echo sequences comprising two ultrasound echo sequencesthat are not identical to the two ultrasound sequences that arecomprised by the first pair. In one preferred embodiment, the twodirections are orthogonal to each other. In another preferredembodiment, the two directions are orthogonal to the paths of the pulsesemitted from the three transducers. In another preferred embodiment, thestrain is estimated using a technique selected from the group consistingof a cross correlation technique, a Doppler technique, a phase estimatortechnique, a frequency estimator technique, a pattern matchingtechnique, a sum-absolute difference technique, a least squarestechnique, and a zero crossing estimator technique.

In one preferred embodiment, the target body is viscoelastic. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the target body is poroelastic. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the target body possesses time dependentmechanical properties.

A preferred embodiment of the invention further comprises displaying theestimated strain. In another preferred embodiment, the inventioncomprises computing the strain ratios between the echo sequences in thefirst pair and between the echo sequences in the second pair. In apreferred embodiment, the invention further comprises storing thecomputed strain ratios in a retrievable medium.

Another embodiment of the invention for determining the strain in atarget body comprises the step of applying a mechanical stimulus to atarget body. The next step of this embodiment comprises coupling atransducer to the target body. The next step of this embodimentcomprises emitting a first pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body. The next step of this embodimentcomprises receiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echosequence from the first pulse. The next step of this embodimentcomprises emitting a second pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body. The next step of this embodimentcomprises receiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echosequence from the second pulse. The next step of this embodimentcomprises emitting a third pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body. The next step of this embodimentcomprises receiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echosequence from the third pulse.

The next step of this embodiment comprises estimating the strain in thetarget body between the first ultrasound echo sequence and a subsequentultrasound echo sequence. The next step of this embodiment comprisesestimating the strain in the target body between two ultrasound echosequences other than the two ultrasound echo sequences for which thestrain was estimated in the preceding step.

In another preferred embodiment, this method further comprisesdisplaying the estimated strain.

Another embodiment of the present invention for determining the strainof a target body comprises the step of applying a mechanical stimulus toa target body during time interval T. In one preferred embodiment, themechanical stimulus is increasing. In another preferred embodiment, theincreasing mechanical stimulus is linearly increasing. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the mechanical stimulus is decreasing. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the decreasing mechanical stimulus is linearlydecreasing.

The next step of this embodiment comprises coupling a transducer to thetarget body during time interval T. The next step of this embodimentcomprises emitting a first pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body during time interval T. The next step ofthis embodiment comprises receiving with the transducer at least oneultrasound echo sequence from the first pulse during time interval T.The next step of this embodiment comprises emitting a second pulse ofultrasound energy from the transducer into the target body during timeinterval T. The next step of this embodiment comprises receiving withthe transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence from the secondpulse during time interval T. The next step of this embodiment comprisesemitting a third pulse of ultrasound energy from the transducer into thetarget body during time interval T. The next step of this embodimentcomprises receiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echosequence from the third pulse during time interval T.

The next step of this embodiment comprises estimating the strain in thetarget body between the first ultrasound echo sequence and a subsequentultrasound echo sequence. The next step of this embodiment comprisesestimating the strain in the target body between two ultrasound echosequences other than the two ultrasound echo sequences for which thestrain was estimated in the preceding step.

Other embodiments of the present invention are directed towarddetermining the displacement of the target body. One such embodimentcomprises the step of applying a mechanical stimulus to a target body.This embodiment further comprises coupling a transducer array comprisingat least three transducers to the target body. This embodiment furthercomprises emitting a first pulse of ultrasound energy from each of thetransducers into the target body. This embodiment further comprisesreceiving with each of the transducers at least one ultrasound echosequence from each first pulse. This embodiment further comprisesemitting a second pulse of ultrasound energy from each of thetransducers into the target body. This embodiment further comprisesreceiving with each of the transducers at least one ultrasound echosequence from each second pulse. This embodiment further comprisesemitting a third pulse of ultrasound energy from each of the transducersinto the target body. This embodiment further comprises receiving witheach of the transducers at least one ultrasound echo sequence from eachthird pulse.

This embodiment further comprises estimating a first pair ofdisplacements in two directions in the target body between a first pairof ultrasound sequences comprising the first ultrasound echo sequenceand another of said ultrasound echo sequence. This embodiment furthercomprises estimating a second pair of displacements in two directions inthe target body between a second pair of ultrasound echo sequencescomprising two ultrasound echo sequences that are not identical to thetwo ultrasound sequences that are comprised by said first pair. In apreferred embodiment, this method further comprises displaying theestimated displacements.

In another preferred embodiment, this method further comprisesestimating the slopes of the first pair of displacements in anydirection to estimate the first pair of strains in the target body intwo directions. This preferred embodiment further comprises estimatingthe slopes of the second pair of displacements in any direction toestimate the second pair of strains in the target body in twodirections. In another preferred embodiment, this method furthercomprises computing the first strain ratio between the first pair ofstrains and computing the second strain ratio between the second pair ofstrains. In another preferred embodiment, this method further comprisesadding the first and second strain ratios. In another preferredembodiment, this method further comprises determining the differencebetween the first strain ratio and the second strain ratio. This methodmay be practiced by subtracting the first strain ratio from the secondstrain ratio, or by subtracting the second strain ratio from the firststrain ratio.

In another preferred embodiment, this method further comprisesestimating the slopes of the first pair of displacements in anydirection to estimate the transverse strains in the target body, andestimating the slope of the second pair of displacements in anydirection to estimate the transverse strains in the target body.

Another embodiment to of the present invention directed to determiningthe displacement of a target body comprises the step of applying amechanical stimulus to a target body. The next step in this embodimentcomprises coupling a transducer to the target body. The next step inthis embodiment comprises emitting a first pulse of ultrasound energyfrom the transducer into the target body. The next step in thisembodiment comprises receiving with the transducer at least oneultrasound echo sequence from the first pulse. The next step in thisembodiment comprises emitting a second pulse of ultrasound energy fromthe transducer into the target body. The next step in this embodimentcomprises receiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echosequence from the second pulse. The next step in this embodimentcomprises emitting a third pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body. The next step in this embodimentcomprises receiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echosequence from the third pulse.

The next step in this embodiment comprises estimating the firstdisplacement in the target body between the first ultrasound echosequence and a subsequent ultrasound echo sequence. The next step inthis embodiment comprises estimating the second displacement in thetarget body between two ultrasound echo sequences other than the twoultrasound echo sequences for which the displacement was estimated inthe preceding step. In another preferred embodiment, this method furthercomprises displaying the estimated first and second displacements.

In a preferred embodiment, this method further comprises estimating theslope of the first displacement in any direction to estimate the firststrain in the target body and estimating the slope of the seconddisplacement in any direction to estimate the second strain in thetarget body. In another preferred embodiment, this method furthercomprises estimating the slope of the first displacement in anydirection to estimate the first transverse strain in the target body andestimating the slope of second displacement in any direction to estimatethe second transverse strain in the target body. In another preferredembodiment, this method further comprises computing the strains from theestimated first and second displacements. In another preferredembodiment, the invention further comprises displaying the computedstrains. In another preferred embodiment, the invention furthercomprises computing the sum of the first and second displacements andestimating the strain from some of the displacements previouslycomputed. In a preferred embodiment, the sum of the first and seconddisplacements can be computed by adding the magnitudes of the first andsecond displacements. In another preferred embodiment, the inventionfurther comprises displaying the sum of the first and seconddisplacements. In a preferred embodiment, this invention furthercomprises displaying the estimated strain.

In a preferred embodiment, this method further comprises determining thedifference between the first and second displacements and estimating thestrain from the computed difference between the first and seconddisplacements. In a preferred embodiment, the difference between thefirst and second displacements may be determined by subtracting thefirst displacement from the second displacement or by subtracting thesecond displacement from the first displacement. In another preferredembodiment, the invention further comprises displaying the differencebetween the first and second displacements. In another preferredembodiment, the invention further comprises displaying the differencebetween the first and second displacements. In another preferredembodiment, the invention further comprises displaying the estimatedstrain. In another preferred embodiment, the invention further comprisesdetermining the sum of the first and second displacements and estimatingthe slope of the sum of the first and second displacements in anydirection to estimate transverse strains. In a preferred embodiment, theinvention further comprises determining the difference between the firstand second displacements and estimating the slope of the differencebetween the first and second displacements in any direction to estimatetransverse strain.

Another embodiment to the present invention directed toward determiningthe displacement of a target body comprises applying a mechanicalstimulus to a target body during time interval T. This embodimentfurther comprises coupling a transducer to the target body during timeinterval T. This embodiment further comprises emitting a first pulse ofultrasound energy from the transducer into the target body during timeinterval T. This embodiment further comprises receiving with thetransducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence from the first pulseduring time interval T. This embodiment further comprises emitting asecond pulse of ultrasound energy from the transducer into the targetbody during time interval T. This embodiment further comprises receivingwith the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence from thesecond pulse during time interval T. This embodiment further comprisesemitting a third pulse of ultrasound energy from the transducer into thetarget body during time interval T. This embodiment further comprisesreceiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence fromthe third pulse during time interval T.

This embodiment further comprises estimating the first displacement inthe target body in between the first ultrasound echo sequence and asubsequent ultrasound echo sequence. This embodiment further comprisesestimating the second displacement in the target body between twoultrasound echo sequences other than the two ultrasound echo sequencesfor which the displacement was estimated in the preceding step. In apreferred embodiment, the invention further comprises displaying theestimated displacement. In another preferred embodiment, the inventionfurther comprises computing the strain from the first displacement andcomputing the strain from the second displacement. In another preferredembodiment, the invention further comprises computing the transversestrain from the first displacement and computing the transverse strainfrom the second displacement.

Another embodiment to the present invention directed toward determiningthe displacement of a target body comprises applying a mechanicalstimulus to a target body. This embodiment further comprises coupling atransducer array comprising at least three transducers to the targetbody. This embodiment further comprises emitting a first pulse ofultrasound energy from each of the transducers into the target body.This embodiment further comprises receiving with each of the transducersat least one ultrasound echo sequence from each first pulse. Thisembodiment further comprises emitting a second pulse of ultrasoundenergy from each of the transducers into the target body. Thisembodiment further comprises receiving with each of the transducers atleast one ultrasound echo sequence from each second pulse. Thisembodiment further comprises emitting a third pulse of ultrasound energyfrom each of the transducers into the target body. This embodimentfurther comprises receiving with each of the transducers at least oneultrasound echo sequence from each third pulse. This embodiment furthercomprises estimating the strain in two directions in the target bodybetween a first pair of ultrasound sequences comprising the firstultrasound echo sequence and another of said ultrasound echo sequences.This embodiment further comprises estimating the strain in twodirections in the target body between a second pair of ultrasound echosequences comprising two ultrasound echo sequences that are notidentical to the two ultrasound sequences that are comprised by saidfirst pair.

Another embodiment to the present invention directed toward determiningthe displacement of a target body comprises coupling a transducer to thetarget body. This embodiment further comprises applying a mechanicalstimulus to a target body. This embodiment further comprises emitting afirst pulse of ultrasound energy from the transducer into the targetbody. This embodiment further comprises receiving with the transducersat least one ultrasound echo sequence from the first pulse. Thisembodiment further comprises emitting a second pulse of ultrasoundenergy from the transducer into the target body. This embodiment furthercomprises receiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echosequence from the second pulse. This embodiment further comprisesemitting a third pulse of ultrasound energy from the transducer into thetarget body. This embodiment further comprises receiving with thetransducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence from the third pulse.This embodiment further comprises estimating the strain in the targetbody between the first ultrasound echo sequence and a subsequentultrasound echo sequence. This embodiment further comprises estimatingthe strain in the target body between two ultrasound echo sequencesother than the two ultrasound echo sequences for which the strain wasestimated in the preceding step.

Another embodiment to the present invention directed toward determiningthe displacement of a target body comprises coupling a transducer to thetarget. This embodiment further comprises applying a mechanical stimulusto a target body during time interval T. This embodiment furthercomprises emitting a first pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body during time interval T. This embodimentfurther comprises receiving with the transducer at least one ultrasoundecho sequence from the first pulse during time interval T. Thisembodiment further comprises emitting a second pulse of ultrasoundenergy from the transducer into the target body during time interval T.This embodiment further comprises receiving with the transducer at leastone ultrasound echo sequence from the second pulse during time intervalT. This embodiment further comprises emitting a third pulse ofultrasound energy from the transducer into the target body during timeinterval T. This embodiment further comprises receiving with thetransducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence from the third pulseduring time interval T. This embodiment further comprises estimating thestrain in the target body in between the first ultrasound echo sequenceand a subsequent ultrasound echo sequence. This embodiment furthercomprises estimating the strain in the target body between twoultrasound echo sequences other than the two ultrasound echo sequencesfor which the strain was estimated in the preceding step.

Another embodiment to the present invention directed toward determiningthe displacement of a target body comprises coupling a transducer arraycomprising at least three transducers to the target body. Thisembodiment further comprises applying a mechanical stimulus to a targetbody. This embodiment further comprises emitting a first pulse ofultrasound energy from each of the transducers into the target body.This embodiment further comprises receiving with the transducer at leastone ultrasound echo sequence from each first pulse. This embodimentfurther comprises emitting a second pulse of ultrasound energy from eachof the transducers into the target body. This embodiment furthercomprises receiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echosequence from each second pulse. This embodiment further comprisesemitting a third pulse of ultrasound energy from each of the transducersinto the target body. This embodiment further comprises receiving withthe transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence from each thirdpulse. This embodiment further comprises estimating the first pair ofdisplacement in two directions in the target body between a first pairof ultrasound sequences comprising the first ultrasound echo sequenceand another of said ultrasound echo sequences. This embodiment furthercomprises estimating the second pair of displacement in two directionsin the target body between a second pair of ultrasound echo sequencescomprising two ultrasound echo sequences that are not identical to thetwo ultrasound sequences that are comprised by said first pair.

Another embodiment to the present invention directed toward determiningthe displacement of a target body comprises coupling a transducer to thetarget body. This embodiment further comprises applying a mechanicalstimulus to a target body. This embodiment further comprises emitting afirst pulse of ultrasound energy from the transducer into the targetbody. This embodiment further comprises receiving with the transducer atleast one ultrasound echo sequence from the first pulse. This embodimentfurther comprises emitting a second pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body. This embodiment further comprisesreceiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence fromthe second pulse. This embodiment further comprises emitting a thirdpulse of ultrasound energy from the transducer into the target body.This embodiment further comprises receiving with the transducer at leastone ultrasound echo sequence from the third pulse. This embodimentfurther comprises estimating the displacement in the target body betweenthe first ultrasound echo sequence and a subsequent ultrasound echosequence. This embodiment further comprises estimating the displacementin the target body between two ultrasound echo sequences other than thetwo ultrasound echo sequences for which the strain was estimated in thepreceding step.

Another embodiment to the present invention directed toward determiningthe displacement of a target body comprises coupling a transducer to thetarget body. This embodiment further comprises applying a mechanicalstimulus to a target body during time interval T. This embodimentfurther comprises emitting a first pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body during time interval T. This embodimentfurther comprises receiving with the transducer at least one ultrasoundecho sequence from the first pulse during time interval T. Thisembodiment further comprises emitting a second pulse of ultrasoundenergy from the transducer into the target body during time interval T.This embodiment further comprises receiving with the transducer at leastone ultrasound echo sequence from the second pulse during time intervalT. This embodiment further comprises emitting a third pulse ofultrasound energy from the transducer into the target body during timeinterval T. This embodiment further comprises receiving with thetransducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence from the third pulseduring time interval T. This embodiment further comprises estimating thedisplacement in the target body in between the first ultrasound echosequence and a subsequent ultrasound echo sequence. This embodimentfurther comprises estimating the displacement in the target body betweentwo ultrasound echo sequences other than the two ultrasound echosequences for which the strain was estimated in the preceding step.

An embodiment of the invention for imaging the strain in a target bodycomprises applying a mechanical stimulus to a target body, wherein saidapplication commences at a time T0. This embodiment further comprisescoupling a transducer to the target body. This embodiment furthercomprises emitting a first pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body. This embodiment further comprisesreceiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence fromthe first pulse at time interval T1 after T0. This embodiment furthercomprises emitting a second pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body. This embodiment further comprisesreceiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence fromthe second pulse at time interval T2 after T0. This embodiment furthercomprises emitting a third pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body. This embodiment further comprisesreceiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence fromthe third pulse at time interval T3 after T0. This embodiment furthercomprises emitting a fourth pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body. This embodiment further comprisesreceiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence fromthe fourth pulse at time interval T4 after T0. This embodiment furthercomprises estimating the strain ratio, SR1, between the first ultrasoundecho sequence and the second ultrasound sequence. This embodimentfurther comprises estimating the strain ratio, SR2, between the secondultrasound echo sequence and the third ultrasound sequence. Thisembodiment further comprises estimating the strain ratio, SR3, betweenthe third ultrasound echo sequence and the fourth ultrasound sequence.This embodiment further comprises deriving a polynomial comprising atleast one coefficient defining a functional relationship between timeand SR1, SR2, and SR3. This embodiment further comprises imaging thecoefficients of the polynomial derived in the preceding step.

An embodiment of the invention for imaging the strain in a target bodycomprises coupling a transducer to the target body. This embodimentfurther comprises applying a mechanical stimulus to a target body,wherein said application commences at a time T0. This embodiment furthercomprises emitting a first pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body. This embodiment further comprisesreceiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence fromthe first pulse at time interval T1 after T0. This embodiment furthercomprises emitting a second pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body. This embodiment further comprisesreceiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence fromthe second pulse at time interval T2 after T0. This embodiment furthercomprises emitting a third pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body. This embodiment further comprisesreceiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence fromthe third pulse at time interval T3 after T0. This embodiment furthercomprises emitting a fourth pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body. This embodiment further comprisesreceiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence fromthe fourth pulse at time interval T4 after T0. This embodiment furthercomprises estimating the strain, S1, between the first ultrasound echosequence and the second ultrasound sequence. This embodiment furthercomprises estimating the strain, S2, between the second ultrasound echosequence and the third ultrasound sequence. This embodiment furthercomprises estimating the strain, S3, between the third ultrasound echosequence and the fourth ultrasound sequence. This embodiment furthercomprises deriving a polynomial comprising at least one coefficientdefining a functional relationship between time and S1, S2, and S3. Thisembodiment further comprises imaging the coefficients of the polynomialderived in the preceding step.

An embodiment of the invention for imaging the displacement in a targetbody comprises coupling a transducer to the target body. This embodimentfurther comprises applying a mechanical stimulus to a target body,wherein said application commences at a time T0. This embodiment furthercomprises emitting a first pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body. This embodiment further comprisesreceiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence fromthe first pulse at time interval T1 after T0. This embodiment furthercomprises emitting a second pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body. This embodiment further comprisesreceiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence fromthe second pulse at time interval T2 after T0. This embodiment furthercomprises emitting a third pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body. This embodiment further comprisesreceiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence fromthe third pulse at time interval T3 after T0. This embodiment furthercomprises emitting a fourth pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body. This embodiment further comprisesreceiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence fromthe fourth pulse at time interval T4 after T0. This embodiment furthercomprises estimating the displacement, D1, between the first ultrasoundecho sequence and the second ultrasound sequence. This embodimentfurther comprises estimating the displacement, D2, between the secondultrasound echo sequence and the third ultrasound sequence. Thisembodiment further comprises estimating the displacement, D3, betweenthe third ultrasound echo sequence and the fourth ultrasound sequence.This embodiment further comprises deriving a polynomial comprising atleast 1 coefficient defining a functional relationship between time andD1, D2, and D3. This embodiment further comprises imaging thecoefficients of the polynomial derived in the preceding step.

An embodiment to the present invention directed toward measuring themechanical stimulus applied to a target body during hand-held scanning,comprises coupling a transducer to the target body. This embodimentfurther comprises emitting a first pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body. This embodiment further comprisesreceiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence fromthe first pulse. This embodiment further comprises estimating the firstdistance between the transducer and a non-moving reference point in thevicinity of the target body from the first received echo sequence. Thisembodiment further comprises emitting a second pulse of ultrasoundenergy from the transducer into the target body.

This embodiment further comprises receiving with the transducer at leastone ultrasound echo sequence from the second pulse. This embodimentfurther comprises estimating the second distance between the transducerand the same non-moving reference point used in step (d) from the secondreceived echo sequence. In a preferred embodiment, this method furthercomprises computing the displacement between the first distance and thesecond distance.

Another embodiment to the present invention directed toward measuringthe mechanical stimulus applied to a target body during hand-heldscanning comprises coupling a transducer to the target body. Thisembodiment further comprises emitting a first pulse of ultrasound energyfrom the transducer into the target body. This embodiment furthercomprises receiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echosequence from the first pulse. This embodiment further comprisesestimating the distance between a reference point in the vicinity of thetransducer and a non-moving reference point in the vicinity of thetarget body from the first received echo sequence. This embodimentfurther comprises emitting a second pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body. This embodiment further comprisesreceiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence fromthe second pulse. This embodiment further comprises estimating thedistance between the reference point in the vicinity of the transducerused in step (d) and the same non-moving reference point used in step(d) from the second received echo sequence.

It will be understood that various changes in detail, parameters, andarrangements of the steps which have been described and illustratedabove in order to explain the nature of this invention may be made bythose skilled in the art without departing from the principle and scopeof the invention.

1. A method for determining the displacement of a target body,comprising: a. applying a mechanical stimulus to a target body; b.coupling a transducer array comprising at least three transducers to thetarget body; c. emitting a first pulse of ultrasound energy from each ofthe transducers into the target body; d. receiving with each of thetransducers at least one ultrasound echo sequence from each first pulse;e. emitting a second pulse of ultrasound energy from each of thetransducers into the target body; f. receiving with each of thetransducers at least one ultrasound echo sequence from each secondpulse; g. emitting a third pulse of ultrasound energy from each of thetransducers into the target body; h. receiving with each of thetransducers at least one ultrasound echo sequence from each third pulse;i. estimating a first pair of displacements in two directions in thetarget body between a first pair of ultrasound sequences comprising thefirst ultrasound echo sequence and another of said ultrasound echosequence; and j. estimating a second pair of displacements in twodirections in the target body between a second pair of ultrasound echosequences comprising two ultrasound echo sequences that are notidentical to the two ultrasound sequences that are comprised by saidfirst pair.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising displaying theestimated displacements.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:k. estimating the slopes of the first pair of displacements computed insteps (i) in any direction to estimate the first pair of strains in thetarget body in two directions; and l. estimating the slopes of thesecond pair of displacements computed in steps (j) in any direction toestimate the second pair of strains in the target body in twodirections.
 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: m. computingthe first strain ratio between the first pair of strains computed instep (k); and n. computing the second strain ratio between the secondpair of strains computed in step (l).
 5. The method of claim 4, furthercomprising adding the first and second strain ratios computed in steps(m) and (n).
 6. The method of claim 4, further comprising determiningthe difference between the first strain ratio computed in step (m) andthe second strain ratio computed in step (n).
 7. The method of claim 1,further comprising: o. estimating the slopes of the first pair ofdisplacements computed in step (i) in any direction to estimate thetransverse strains in the target body; and p. estimating the slopes ofthe second pair of displacements computed in step (j) in any directionto estimate the transverse strains in the target body.
 8. A method fordetermining the displacement of a target body, comprising: a. applying amechanical stimulus to a target body; b. coupling a transducer to thetarget body; c. emitting a first pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body; d. receiving with the transducer atleast one ultrasound echo sequence from the first pulse; e. emitting asecond pulse of ultrasound energy from the transducer into the targetbody; f. receiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echosequence from the second pulse; g. emitting a third pulse of ultrasoundenergy from the transducer into the target body; h. receiving with thetransducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence from the third pulse;i. estimating the first displacement in the target body between thefirst ultrasound echo sequence and a subsequent ultrasound echosequence; and j. estimating the second displacement in the target bodybetween two ultrasound echo sequences other than the two ultrasound echosequences for which the displacement was estimated in the precedingstep.
 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising displaying theestimated first and second displacements.
 10. The method of claim 8,further comprising: k. estimating the slope of the first displacementcomputed in step (i) in any direction to estimate the first strain inthe target body; and l. estimating the slope of the second displacementcomputed in step (j) in any direction to estimate the second strain inthe target body.
 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising: m.estimating the slope of the first displacement computed in step (i) inany direction to estimate the first transverse strain in the targetbody; and n. estimating the slope of the second displacement computed instep (j) in any direction to estimate the second transverse strain inthe target body.
 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising computingthe strains from the estimated first and second displacements.
 13. Themethod of claim 12, further comprising displaying the computed strains.14. The method of claim 8, further comprising: o. computing the sum ofthe first and second displacements computed; and p. estimating thestrain from the sum of the displacement computed in the preceding step.15. The method of claim 14, further comprising displaying the sum of thefirst and second displacements.
 16. The method of claim 14, furthercomprising displaying the estimated strain.
 17. The method of claim 8,further comprising: q. determining the difference between the first andsecond displacements; and r. estimating the strain from the differencecomputed in the preceding step.
 18. The method of claim 17, furthercomprising displaying the difference between the first and seconddisplacements.
 19. The method of claim 17, further comprising displayingthe estimated strain.
 20. The method of claim 8, further comprising: S.determining the sum of the first and second displacements; and t.estimating the slope of the sum of the first and second displacements inany direction to estimate the transverse strain.
 21. The method of claim8, further comprising: u. determining the difference between the firstand second displacements; and v. estimating the slope of the differencebetween the first and second displacements step in any direction toestimate the transverse strain.
 22. A method for determining thedisplacement of a target body, comprising: a. applying a mechanicalstimulus to a target body during time interval T; b. coupling atransducer to the target body during time interval T; c. emitting afirst pulse of ultrasound energy from the transducer into the targetbody during time interval T; d. receiving with the transducer at leastone ultrasound echo sequence from the first pulse during time intervalT; e. emitting a second pulse of ultrasound energy from the transducerinto the target body during time interval T; f. receiving with thetransducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence from the second pulseduring time interval T; g. emitting a third pulse of ultrasound energyfrom the transducer into the target body during time interval T; h.receiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence fromthe third pulse during time interval T; i. estimating the firstdisplacement in the target body in between the first ultrasound echosequence and a subsequent ultrasound echo sequence; and j. estimatingthe second displacement in the target body between two ultrasound echosequences other than the two ultrasound echo sequences for which thedisplacement was estimated in the preceding step.
 23. The method ofclaim 22, further comprising displaying the estimated displacement. 24.The method of claim 22, further comprising: k. computing the strain fromthe first displacement; and l. computing the strain from the seconddisplacement.
 25. The method of claim 22, further comprising: m.computing the transverse strain from the first displacement; and n.computing the transverse strain from the second displacement.
 26. Amethod for determining the strain of a target body, comprising: a.applying a mechanical stimulus to a target body; b. coupling atransducer array comprising at least three transducers to the targetbody; c. emitting a first pulse of ultrasound energy from each of thetransducers into the target body; d. receiving with each of thetransducers at least one ultrasound echo sequence from each first pulse;e. emitting a second pulse of ultrasound energy from each of thetransducers into the target body; f. receiving with each of thetransducers at least one ultrasound echo sequence from each secondpulse; g. emitting a third pulse of ultrasound energy from each of thetransducers into the target body; h. receiving with each of thetransducers at least one ultrasound echo sequence from each third pulse;i. estimating the strain in two directions in the target body between afirst pair of ultrasound sequences comprising the first ultrasound echosequence and another of said ultrasound echo sequences; and j.estimating the strain in two directions in the target body between asecond pair of ultrasound echo sequences comprising two ultrasound echosequences that are not identical to the two ultrasound sequences thatare comprised by said first pair.
 27. A method for determining thestrain of a target body, comprising: a. coupling a transducer to thetarget body; b. applying a mechanical stimulus to a target body; c.emitting a first pulse of ultrasound energy from the transducer into thetarget body; d. receiving with the transducers at least one ultrasoundecho sequence from the first pulse; e. emitting a second pulse ofultrasound energy from the transducer into the target body; f. receivingwith the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence from thesecond pulse; g. emitting a third pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body; h. receiving with the transducer atleast one ultrasound echo sequence from the third pulse; i. estimatingthe strain in the target body between the first ultrasound echo sequenceand a subsequent ultrasound echo sequence; and j. estimating the strainin the target body between two ultrasound echo sequences other than thetwo ultrasound echo sequences for which the strain was estimated in thepreceding step.
 28. A method for determining the strain of a targetbody, comprising: a. coupling a transducer to the target body; b.applying a mechanical stimulus to a target body during time interval T;c. emitting a first pulse of ultrasound energy from the transducer intothe target body during time interval T; d. receiving with the transducerat least one ultrasound echo sequence from the first pulse during timeinterval T; e. emitting a second pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body during time interval T; f. receivingwith the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence from thesecond pulse during time interval T; g. emitting a third pulse ofultrasound energy from the transducer into the target body during timeinterval T; h. receiving with the transducer at least one ultrasoundecho sequence from the third pulse during time interval T; i. estimatingthe strain in the target body in between the first ultrasound echosequence and a subsequent ultrasound echo sequence; and j. estimatingthe strain in the target body between two ultrasound echo sequencesother than the two ultrasound echo sequences for which the strain wasestimated in the preceding step.
 29. A method for determining thedisplacement of a target body, comprising: a. coupling a transducerarray comprising at least three transducers to the target body; b.applying a mechanical stimulus to a target body; c. emitting a firstpulse of ultrasound energy from each of the transducers into the targetbody; d. receiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echosequence from each first pulse; e. emitting a second pulse of ultrasoundenergy from each of the transducers into the target body; f. receivingwith the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence from eachsecond pulse; g. emitting a third pulse of ultrasound energy from eachof the transducers into the target body; h. receiving with thetransducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence from each third pulse;i. estimating the first pair of displacement in two directions in thetarget body between a first pair of ultrasound sequences comprising thefirst ultrasound echo sequence and another of said ultrasound echosequences; and j. estimating the second pair of displacement in twodirections in the target body between a second pair of ultrasound echosequences comprising two ultrasound echo sequences that are notidentical to the two ultrasound sequences that are comprised by saidfirst pair.
 30. A method for determining the displacement of a targetbody, comprising: a. coupling a transducer to the target body; b.applying a mechanical stimulus to a target body; c. emitting a firstpulse of ultrasound energy from the transducer into the target body; d.receiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence fromthe first pulse; e. emitting a second pulse of ultrasound energy fromthe transducer into the target body; f. receiving with the transducer atleast one ultrasound echo sequence from the second pulse; g. emitting athird pulse of ultrasound energy from the transducer into the targetbody; h. receiving with the transducer at least one ultrasound echosequence from the third pulse; i. estimating the displacement in thetarget body between the first ultrasound echo sequence and a subsequentultrasound echo sequence; and j. estimating the displacement in thetarget body between two ultrasound echo sequences other than the twoultrasound echo sequences for which the strain was estimated in thepreceding step.
 31. A method for determining the displacement of atarget body, comprising: a. coupling a transducer to the target body; b.applying a mechanical stimulus to a target body during time interval T;c. emitting a first pulse of ultrasound energy from the transducer intothe target body during time interval T; d. receiving with the transducerat least one ultrasound echo sequence from the first pulse during timeinterval T; e. emitting a second pulse of ultrasound energy from thetransducer into the target body during time interval T; f. receivingwith the transducer at least one ultrasound echo sequence from thesecond pulse during time interval T; g. emitting a third pulse ofultrasound energy from the transducer into the target body during timeinterval T; h. receiving with the transducer at least one ultrasoundecho sequence from the third pulse during time interval T; i. estimatingthe displacement in the target body in between the first ultrasound echosequence and a subsequent ultrasound echo sequence; and j. estimatingthe displacement in the target body between two ultrasound echosequences other than the two ultrasound echo sequences for which thestrain was estimated in the preceding step.